ave aside； one's very knowledge and love of them serving as an excuse for their neglect in favour of print which has the attraction of newness。 Homer and Virgil； Milton and Shakespeare； not many Sundays have gone by without my opening one or other of these。 Not many Sundays？ Nay； that is to exaggerate； as one has the habit of doing。 Let me say rather that； on many a rest…day I have found mind and opportunity for such reading。 Nowadays mind and opportunity fail me never。 I may take down my Homer or my Shakespeare when I choose； but it is still on Sunday that I feel it most being to seek the privilege of their panionship。 For these great ones； crowned with immortality； do not respond to him who approaches them as though hurried by temporal care。 There befits the garment of solemn leisure； the thought attuned to peace。 I open the volume somewhat formally； is it not sacred； if the word have any meaning at all？ And； as I read； no interruption can befall me。 The note of a lin； the humming of a bee； these are the sounds about my sanctuary。 The page scarce rustles as it turns。
VI
Of how many dwellings can it be said that no word of anger is ever heard beneath its roof； and that no unkindly feeling ever exists between the inmates？ Most men's experience would seem to justify them in declaring that； throughout the inhabited world； no such house exists。 I； knowing at all events of one； admit the possibility that there may be more； yet I feel that it is to hazard a conjecture； I cannot point with certainty to any other instance； nor in all my secular life （I speak as one who has quitted the world） could I have named a single example。
It is so difficult for human beings to live together； nay； it is so difficult for them to associate； however transitorily； and even under the most favourable conditions； without some shadow of mutual offence。 Consider the differences of task and of habit； the conflict of prejudices； the divergence of opinions （though that is probably the same thing）； selves between any two persons brought into more than casual contact； and think how much self…subdual is implicit whenever； for more than an hour or two； they co…exist in seeming harmony。 Man is not made for peaceful intercourse with his fellows； he is by nature self…assertive； monly aggressive； always critical in a more or less hostile spirit of any characteristic which seems strange to him。 That he is capable of profound affections merely modifies here and there his natural contentiousness； and subdues its expression。 Even love； in the largest and purest sense of the word； is no safeguard against perilous irritation and sensibilities inborn。 And what were the durability of love without the powerful alliance of habit？
Suppose yourself endowed with such power of hearing that all the talk going on at any moment beneath the domestic roofs of any town became clearly audible to you； the dominant note would be that of moods； tempers； opinions at jar。 Who but the most amiable dreamer can doubt it？ This； mind you； is not the same thing as saying that angry emotion is the ruling force in human life； the facts of our civilization prove the contrary。 Just because； and only because； the natural spirit of conflict finds such frequent scope； does human society hold together； and； on the whole； present a pacific aspect。 In the course of ages （one would like to know how many） man has attained a remarkable degree of self…control； dire experience has forced upon him the necessity of promise； and habit has inclined him （the individual） to prefer a quiet； orderly life。 But by instinct he is still a quarrelsome creature； and he gives vent to the impulse as far as it is patible with his reasoned interests…… often； to be sure； without regard for that limit。 The average man or woman is always at open discord with some one； the great majority could not live without oft…recurrent squabble。 Speak in confidence with any one you like； and get him to tell you how many cases of coldness； alienation； or downright enmity； between friends and kinsfolk； his memory registers； the number will be considerable； and what a vastly greater number of everyday 〃misunderstandings〃 may be thence inferred！ Verbal contention is； of course； moner among the poor and the vulgar than in the class of well…bred people living at their ease； but I doubt whether the lower ranks of society find personal association much more difficult than the refined minority above them。 High cultivation may help to self…mand； but it multiplies the chances of irritative contact。 In mansion； as in hovel； the strain of life is perpetually felt……between the married； between parents and children； between relatives of every degree； between employers and employed。 They debate； they dispute； they wrangle； they explode……then nerves are relieved； and they are ready to begin over again。 Quit the home and quarrelling is less obvious； but it goes on all about one。 What proportion of the letters delivered any morning would be found to be written in displeasure； in petulance； in wrath？ The postbag shrieks insults or bursts with suppressed malice。 Is it not wonderful……nay； is it not the marvel of marvels……that human life has reached such a high point of public and private organization？
And gentle idealists utter their indignant wonder at the continuance of war！ Why； it passes the wit of man to explain how it is that nations are ever at peace！ For； if only by the rarest good fortune do individuals associate harmoniously； there would seem to be much less likelihood of mutual understanding and good…will between the peoples of alien lands。 As a matter of fact； no two nations are ever friendly； in the sense of truly liking each other； with the reciprocal criticism of countries there always mingles a sentiment of animosity。 The original meaning of hostis is merely stranger； and a stranger who is likewise a foreigner will only by curious exception fail to stir antipathy in the average human being。 Add to this that a great number of persons in every country find their delight and their business in exasperating international disrelish； and with what vestige of mon sense can one feel surprise that war is ceaselessly talked of； often enough declared。 In days gone by； distance and rarity of munication assured peace between many realms。 Now that every country is in proximity to every other； what need is there to elaborate explanations of the distrust； the fear； the hatred； which are a perpetual theme of journalists and statesmen？ By approximation； all countries have entered the sphere of natural quarrel。 That they find plenty of things to quarrel about is no cause for astonishment。 A hundred years hence there will be some possibility of perceiving whether international relations are likely to obey the law which has acted with such beneficence in the life of each civilized people； whether this country and that will be content to ease their tempers with bloodless squabbling； subduing the more violent promptings for the mon good。 Yet I suspect that a century is a very short time to allow for even justifiable surmise of such an oute。 If by any chance newspapers ceased to exist 。 。 。
Talk of war； and one gets involved in such utopian musings！
VII
I have been reading one of those prognostic articles on international politics which every now and then appear in the reviews。 Why I should so waste my time it would be hard to say； I suppose the fascination of disgust and fear gets the better of me in a moment's idleness。 This writer； who is horribly perspicacious and vigorous； demonstrates the certainty of a great European war； and regards it with the peculiar satisfaction excited by such things in a certain order of mind。 His phrases about 〃dire calamity〃 and so on mean nothing； the whole tenor of his writing proves that he represents； and consciously； one of the forces which go to bring war about； his part in the business is a fluent irresponsibility； which casts scorn on all who reluct at the 〃inevitable。〃 Persistent prophecy is a familiar way of assuring the event。
But I will read no more such writing。 This resolution I make and will keep。 Why set my nerves quivering with rage； and spoil the calm of a whole day； when no good of any sort can e of it？ What is it to me if