羊有绵羊(sheep)和山羊(goat)两种,山羊(billy goat)有胡子,还有羊骚味(goaty odor)。
羊奶可以造干酪(cheese)和“牛”油,可以从羊身上得到羊毛。
羊毛出在羊身上(literally)Without a sheep; there can be no wool。—The benefit es; after all; from a price one has paid。 Whatever is the expense; somebody is going to pay for it。做衣服,其他还可吃羊肉、用羊皮、做肥皂、做网球拍……羊的用处多极了!(Sheep yield wool; meat; and leather。 They also furnish the raw materials for many byproducts; such as glue; tallow; suet; soap; fertilizer; cosmetics; and the catgut used in stringing tennis rackets。)
澳洲的羊,占世界第一位。占全世界六分之一。(Long famous as a land of sheep; Australia is the world's leading producer and exporter of wool and mutton and is a major producer and exporter of beef and wheat。 Australia is also a highly industrialized country。 Large deposits of coal and iron have bee the basis for an iron and steel industry; white an expanding economy provides a large domestic market for a wide range of goods and services。)
澳洲平均每个人有十四头羊(澳洲旁边的纽西兰(New Zealand)每人有二十头),而中国人平均十个人分不到一头,这太不公平了!(In Australia; there are about 14 sheep for every person。 In New Zealand; there are about 20 sheep for every person。 Some states in the western United States also have more sheep than people。)
过分的不公平,没有的人就会叫,这叫“不平则鸣”。(Those who are discriminated again will plain。)
澳洲比台湾大二二二倍,但人口比台湾还少!
亚洲人口平均每方英里(persons to the square mile)一二二人;澳洲人口平均每方英里四人。
澳洲“得天独厚”to be particularly favored by nature (said of a land rich in natural resources or a gifted person)却是从不公平来的。澳洲有“白澳政策”,限制有色人种到他们那儿去。但白种人又少,所以将来问题一定很多,不是铁蒺藜(barbed…wire fence)拦得住的。澳洲人自己也说:“We've got a big; empty country here; and we have to fill it up。 You Know;‘populate or perish’”
澳洲的政策是错误的、自私的(wrong and selfish),这叫“狗占马槽”(dog in a manger describes a person who keeps others from using something that he himself cannot use。 It es from Aesop's fable of a dog that crawled into a manger of hay and prevented a horse from eating; even though dogs do not eat hay。),也叫“占着毛坑不拉屎”,这种人只希望“不惹睡狗”(Let sleeping dogs lie; means to leave a situation undisturbed。)“维持现状”“相安无事”。但这怎么行呢?“每条狗都有得意的一天。”(Every dogs has his day; is an expression used when something pleasant happens to a person; especially one who has been having bad luck。)别的狗会睡醒,澳洲虽然是down…under(在世界另一边),别的穷狗还是会咬到它的。
爸 爸 一九七五年六月八日
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亲爱的小文:
你这次信封上写的中文很有进步。
鸭嘴兽只有澳洲有,水獭却只有澳洲没有。
水獭是OTTER,is a fur…bearing animal that spends much of its time in the water。 Otters are related to the weasels and are carnivorous(flesh…eating)mammals。 They live on all continents except Australia。 They are divided into two groups; river otters and sea otters。
人会仰泳(backstroke),但水獭却更神气,它会仰吃,它在水里“仰面朝天”地吃,这才叫“仰不愧天”(to feel no shame before God)呢!
水獭还是一个会用工具的家伙(a tool user),它吃蛤蜊(clam),会朝石头上敲,你说它多聪明!
每只水獭的皮,可卖到二千五百美金,就是台湾十万块。全世界都不准杀它,所以它的皮就特别值钱。人死了,臭皮没人要,但许多动物死了,皮却成了“千金裘”,这真是“豹死留皮”啊!
豹死留皮(literally)A leopard leaves behind its skin when it dies。 A man has a reputation to leave to posterity when he dies。
爸 爸 ; 一九七五年八月十七日
那么让他们吃饼嘛!
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亲爱的小文:
法文有一个字叫“顾而媚”(gourmet),就是讲究吃的人(a connoisseur in eating and drinking,善于判别饮食美恶之人;an epicure,美食者),很像中文中的“老饕”,但老饕有一点挖苦的意味。法国的“烹饪”被当做一种艺术(Cooking is considered an art by the French。 They are world famous for their salads; sauces; and soups。 Almost every region; city; and restaurant of France has its own food specialty。 These specialties include truffles(mushroomikel plants)in the Guyenne region; snails in Burgundy; sausages in Arles and Lyou; omelets in Mont St。 Michel; and pressed duck in Paris。),一个笑话说美国人嚼口香糖去饭店,法国饭店老板(patron,注意英文patron和法文patron意思不同)拒绝伺候他——阁下嘴含“橡皮”,安能品味!
法国人因为讲究吃,所以foods的花样也多,cheeses就有两百多种做法。法国的党(party)也多,十个以上(美国英国只有两党),法国英雄戴高乐(Charles de Gaulle)说有两百多种cheese花样的国家岂能只有一个党?(How can one conceive of a one…party system in a country that has over two hundred varieties of cheese。)戴高乐也坐过牢,后来当了法国总统。
戴高乐的一个老上司叫贝当(Pétain),第一次世界大战时防守凡尔登(Verdun),曾说:“他们过不来!”(They shall not pass!)成为抗德英雄。但是二十四年后,在第二次世界大战的时候,他竟同德国人合作了,那时他已八十四岁。到了八十九岁,被判死刑。戴高乐给他减为无期徒刑(life imprisonment)。他真能活,活到九十五岁才死在牢里!他大概是全世界年纪最大的囚犯了。
凡尔登是名战场,有“国觞”(a martyr to the national cause)五十万。
贝当的国防部长叫魏冈(Weygand),被判无罪,虽然坐了三年多牢,但最后证明清白。魏冈也真能活,活了九十八岁!
还有一个能活的,是法国在第一次世界大战时的总理克里蒙梭(George Clemenceau),活了八十八岁。死的时候叫护士走开,他说他不要死在女人面前!他要人把他的棺材立起来,他说他死也要站着死!他的外号叫“老虎”(The Tiger),这个人有多历害,可想而知。
第一次世界大战德国没能打进Paris去,最后,德国失败了,于是开了一个“巴黎和会”,在法国凡尔赛宫开的,凡尔赛(Versailles; The Palace of Versailles was built by Louis XIV in the 1600's。 Now a national museum; it contains exhibits of fine painting and sculpture。)可比凡尔登贵多了。法国代表是老虎总理,美国是威尔逊总统(Woodrow Wilson),爸爸跟你谈过威尔逊,威尔逊的像,印在十万美金的钞票上面,你还记得吗?
凡尔赛离Paris十一miles,有六百多间房子,有三百多年了。五十多年前,美国大富翁洛克菲勒(John D。 Rockefeller; Jr。)——就是现在美国副总统的老子,送了近三○○万美金重修,所以房子虽老,还很漂亮。
法国大革命的时候,皇帝和皇后(皇帝是路易十六Louis XIV,皇后是玛丽·安托瓦内特Marie Antoinette)正在凡尔赛宫。当时老百姓吵着要面包,手下报告说巴黎大乱,“因为他们没有面包。”(Because they have no bread。)皇后说:“那么让他们吃饼嘛!”(Then let them eat cake。)中国也有这种不知道民间疾苦的笑话,在玛丽·安托瓦内特说这话前一千五百年,中国大乱,手下向皇帝(晋惠帝)报告老百姓没饭吃了,皇帝奇怪,反问:“他们为什么不吃肉啊?”(“何不食肉糜?”)(糜congee;porridge;rice gruel)后来玛丽·安托瓦内特死在断头台(guillotine)上。断头台是一个医生发明的。
法国女人在政治上,虽然到一九四五年才与男人平等,但有影响力,却早在一九四五年以前,只是多不得好死。玛丽·安托瓦内特死的时候三十八岁,另外一个比她小一半的,十九岁就被烧死的,是圣女贞德(Joan of Arc)。她的“事业”表现在奥尔良(Orléans),她死在鲁昂(Rouen),她是法国的民族女英雄(the national; heroine of France),虽然她死的罪名却是假的。(condemned as a witch; Joan of Arc was burned at the stake in 1431 in the market place at Rouen; France。 Later; in 1456; the pope pronounced her innocent。 She was declared a saint in 1920。)
在玛丽·安托瓦内特才九岁的时候,一个四十三岁的名女人死在凡尔赛宫,她是路易十六的爷爷路易十五Louis XV的情妇(mistress),她影响了法国政治二十年,名字是蓬巴杜夫人(Madame de Pompadour)。她对文学、艺术很赞助(to patronize),被她赞助的人中,有一个叫伏尔泰(Voltaire)。伏尔泰是philosopher(哲学家)、poet(诗人)、historian(历史家)、novelist(小说家)、dramatist(戏剧家)、satirist(讽刺家)。他因为文章惹祸,在Bastille监狱住过,他的文字极有影响力,影响到French Revolution——在他死后第十一年,French Revolution发生,捣毁Bastille了。
伏尔泰写文章惹祸太多,他虽生在巴黎,可是在外面二十八年,无法回老家。他很会做生意,赚了钱,在法国靠瑞士日内瓦(Geneva)边上,造了住宅,法国抓他,他就逃到瑞士;瑞士抓他,他就逃到法国,他说哲学家该在地下有两三个洞以防走狗抓他们(Philosophers should always have two or three holes under ground against the dogs hunting them。)。中国古话说“狡兔三窟”(A wily rabbit has three burrows。),他真是狡哲三窟啊!
下周续写法国。
爸 爸 一九七五年六月二十一日
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