english- 第6节

Negative　Skew
A　curve　or　distribution　of　scores　that　has　extreme　scores　below　the　mean　that　are　atypical　of　the　majority　of　scores。

Neuron
A　specialized　nerve　cell。

Neurotransmitter　
A　chemical　found　in　animals　that　plays　a　role　in　our　behavior；　cognitions；　and　emotions。　

Nightmare　
A　frightening　dream　occurring　in　REM　sleep。　

Nominal　Scale
Any　scale　that　contains　no　magnitude。　Often　nominal　is　thought　of　as　name　only；　meaning　that　the　variables　of　a　nominal　scale　can　be　identified　but　not　measured。

Nondeclarative　Memory　
A　subsystem　within　Long　term　memory　which　consists　of　skills　we　acquire　through　repetition　and　practice　（e。g。；　dance；　playing　the　piano；　driving　a　car）

Nonparametric　Test
Any　statistic　that　is　designed　for　ordinal　or　nominal　data　or　data　that　is　not　normally　distributed

Norepinephrine
A　neurotransmitter　associated　with　eating　and　alertness。　Too　little　has　been　associated　with　depression　and　too　much　has　been　associated　with　schizophrenia。

Norm　
An　expectation　based　on　multiple　observations。　

Normal　Curve　
A　graphical　interpretation　of　a　population　that　is　‘bell　shaped’　as　it　has　the　highest　frequency　in　the　middle　and　this　frequency　diminishes　the　farther　you　get　from　the　center　on　either　end。　The　mean；　median；　and　mode　are　all　equal　in　a　perfect　normal　curve。

Normal　Distribution
The　scores　of　a　sample　or　population　that；　when　graphed；　fall　on　or　close　to　a　normal　curve。　A　normal　distribution　is　often　ideal　in　research　because　the　data　can　then　be　said　to　have　all　of　the　characteristics　of　a　normal　curve。

Null　Hypothesis
The　hypothesis　that　states　there　is　no　difference　between　two　or　more　sets　of　data。

O

Object　Permanence　
The　understanding　that　objects　exist　even　when　they　are　not　directly　observed。　

Objective　Techniques　
A　generic　term　for　the　psychological　procedures　used　to　measure　personality　which　rely　on　measurable　or　objective　techniques　such　as　the　MMPI…2　and　WAIS…III。

Obsession　
A　persistent　and　seemingly　uncontrollable　thought。　

Occipital　Lobe
One　of　for　lobes　of　the　brain。　Contains　the　visual　cortex　and　therefore　plays　a　major　role　in　the　interpretation　of　visual　information。

Odd…Even　Reliability
The　correlation　coefficient　determined　by　paring　odd　items　of　the　measurement　to　the　even　items。　One　method　to　determine　the　internal　consistency　of　a　test　or　measuring　device。

Olfaction　
The　sense　of　smell。

One…Way　ANOVA
An　Analysis　of　Variance　used　when　there　is　only　one　main　effect。

Operant　Conditioning　
Learning　that　occurs　due　to　the　manipulation　of　the　possible　consequences。　

Optimal　Level　of　Arousal
Theory　arguing　that　humans　are　driven　to　increase　or　decrease　arousal　to　produce　a　fortable　level　that　is　not　over…　nor　under　stimulating。

Oral　Aggressive　Personality
Stemming　from　the　Oral　stage；　a　child　who　bees　fixated　due　to　over　stimulation　transfers　his　or　her　unresolved　oral　issues　into　aggression　and　hostility。

Oral　Receptive　Personality
Stemming　from　the　Oral　stage；　a　child　who　bees　fixated　due　to　under　stimulation　transfers　his　or　her　unmet　oral　needs　into　smoking；　drinking；　talking；　biting　fingernails；　or　sucking　one's　own　thumb；　for　example。

Oral　Stage
Freud's　first　stage　of　psychosexual　development　where　the　primary　sexual　focus　is　on　the　mouth　through　sucking；　tasting；　and　verbalizing。

Order　Effects
The　effects　of　administering　treatments　in　a　particular　order

Ordered　Array
A　table　consisting　of　data　in　order　of　highest　to　lowest　or　lowest　to　highest　where　each　data　is　given　a　numbered　rank　depicting　it's　difference　from　the　highest　or　lowest　score

Ordinal　Scale
Any　scale　that　reflects　only　magnitude　but　does　not　contain　equal　intervals　or　an　absolute　zero　

Overlearning　
A　technique　used　to　improve　memory　where　information　is　learned　to　the　point　that　it　can　be　repeated　without　mistake　more　than　one　time。　

P

Panic　Attack　
Period　of　extreme　anxiety　and　physical　symptoms　such　as　heart　palpitations；　shakiness；　dizziness；　and　racing　thoughts。　Initial　attacks　are　often　reported　to　feel　like　a　heart　attack　due　to　the　heart　palpitations。　A　medical　exam　should　be　conducted　to　rule　out　any　such　condition。　

Parallel　Form　Reliability
The　correlation　coefficient　determined　by　paring　the　scores　of　the　two　similar　measuring　devices　（or　forms　of　the　same　test）　administered　to　the　same　people　at　one　time。　

Parameter
A　summary　value　of　a　specific　population　characteristic　（e。g。；　mean　age；　standard　deviation　of　IQ’s；　median　ine）　

Parasympathetic　Nervous　System
A　subsystem　of　the　Autonomic　Nervous　System　（ANS）　that　returns　the　body　to　homeostasis。

Parietal　Lobe
One　of　four　lobes　of　the　brain。　Contains　the　Somatosensory　Cortex　d　is　therefore　involved　in　the　processing　of　touch；　pressure；　temperature；　and　pain。

Peak　Experience
A　life　experience　considered　paramount　due　to　the　feeling　of　unity　with　the　world。

Pearson　Product…Moment　Correlation
A　correlation　statistic　used　primarily　for　two　sets　of　data　that　are　of　the　ratio　or　interval　scale。　The　most　monly　used　correlational　technique。

Penis　Envy
In　Psychoanalytic　Thought；　the　desire　of　girls　to　posses　a　penis　and　therefore　have　the　power　that　being　male　represents。

Percentile　Rank
Percentage　of　scores　falling　at　or　below　a　specific　score。　A　percentile　rank　of　95　means　that　95％　of　all　of　the　scores　fall　at　or　below　this　point。　In　other　words；　the　score　is　as　good　as　or　better　than　95％　of　the　scores。

Perception　
The　process　of　organizing　and　using　information　that　is　received　through　the　senses。　

Perceptual　Constancy
The　ability　to　perceive　objects　as　unchanged　despite　the　change　noticed　by　the　senses　（e。g。；　the　ability　to　understand　and　see　buildings　as　remaining　the　same　height　even　though　they　appear　larger　as　we　get　closer　to　them）。

Perfect　Correlation
A　correlation　of　either　＋1。0　or　…1。0。　A　perfect　correlation　is　extremely　rare　and　when　it　occurs　means　that　predicting　one　score　based　on　another　score　is　perfect　or　without　error。

Person　Centered　Therapy　
The　therapeutic　technique　based　on　humanistic　theory　which　is　non…directive　and　empathic。　

Personality　
The　stable　set　of　individual　characteristics　that　make　us　unique。　

Personality　Disorder　
A　maladaptive　and　stable　set　of　individual　characteristics　that　cluster　to　form　a　recognized　disorder。

Permissive　＇parents＇　
Parenting　style　consisting　of　very　few　rules　and　allowing　children　to　make　most　decisions　and　control　their　own　behavior。

Persuasion　
The　deliberate　attempt　to　influence　the　thoughts；　feelings　or　behaviors　of　another。　

Phallic　Personality　
Stemming　from　the　Phallic　stage；　a　child　who　bees　fixated　may　develop　a　personality　characterized　by　selfishness；　impulsivity；　and　a　lack　of　or　reduced　ability　to　feel　empathy。

Phallic　Stage
Freud's　third　stage　of　psychosexual　development　where　the　primary　sexual　focus　is　on　symbolism　of　the　genitals。

Phi　Correlation
A　correlational　technique　used　when　both　variables　are　binary　（Example　true/false；　yes/no；　or　on/off）

Phi　Phenomenon
The　perception　of　motion　based　on　two　or　more　stationary　objects　（e。g。；　the　perception　of　chaser　lights　brought　about　by　different　lights　blinking　at　different　times）。

Phobia　
An　intense　fear　of　a　specific　object　or　situation。　Most　of　us　consider　ourselves　to　have　phobias；　but　to　be　diagnosable；　the　fear　must　significantly　restrict　our　way　of　life。

Placebo　
A　treatment　condition　used　to　control　for　the　placebo　effect　where　the　treatment　has　no　real　effect　on　its　own。　

Placebo　Effect　
The　phenomenon　in　research　where　the　subject’s　beliefs　about　the　oute　can　significantly　effect　the　oute　without　any　other　intervention。　

Plasticity　
The　ability　of　the　brain；　especially　in　our　younger　years　to　pensate　for　damage。　

Platykurtic
A　curve　or　distribution　of　scores　that　has　a　lot　of　variance

Pleasure　Principle　
Freud’s　theory　regarding　the　id’s　desire　to　maximize　pleasure　and　minimize　pain　in　order　to　achieve　immediate　gratification。　

Point　Biserial　Correlation
A　correlational　technique　used　when　one　variable　is　numeric　and　the　other　is　binary　（Example　age　and　sex　or　ine　and　true/false）

Point　Estimation
Estimating