english- 第8节

Response　Prevention
A　therapeutic　technique　where　stimuli　is　presented　to　the　client　but　the　client　is　not　permitted　to　exercise　his　or　her　typical　response。　Used　for　the　treatment　of　phobias；　obsessive　pulsive　disorder　and　other　anxiety　disorders。

Reticular　Formation　（Reticular　Activating　System）
Part　of　the　brain　stem　involved　in　arousal　and　attention；　sleep　and　wakefulness；　and　control　of　reflexes。

Retinal　Disparity
The　binocular　cue　to　distance　referring　to　the　distance　between　the　two　images　sent　to　the　brain　by　our　eyes。　The　farther　apart　these　images；　the　closer　the　object。

Retrieval　
The　process　of　bringing　material　out　of　long　term　memory　and　into　consciousness。　

Retroactive　Interference
Interference　in　memory　created　by　later　learning。

Reversal　Design　
Any　single　subject　design　that　includes　the　removal　of　treatment　to　determine　if　the　subject　reverts　to　baseline　（ex。　ABA；　ABAB）　

Reversibility
A　child's　ability　to　reverse　operations　and　therefore　recognize　that　the　qualities　of　an　object　remain　the　same　despite　changes　in　appearance。　Occurs　in　Piaget's　Concrete　Operational　Stage　of　Cognitive　Development　（e。g。；　1＋2=3　to　3…2=1）。

Reward　Power　
Power　derived　through　an　ability　to　offer　rewards。

Rogers；　Carl　
A　humanistic　Psychologist　who　developed　Client…Centered　Therapy。

Rorschach　Inkblot　Test　
A　projective　technique　utilizing　ambiguous　inkblots　as　stimuli。

S

Sample
Portion　of　the　entire　population　used　to　estimate　what　is　likely　happening　within　a　population。

Sample　Mean
Abbreviated　with　a　lowercase　x　with　a　horizontal　line　over　top　（called　'x…bar'）；　the　sample　mean　is　the　true　mean　of　a　sample　of　data　often　used　to　estimate　the　true　mean　of　the　entire　population。

Sample　Standard　Deviation
The　standard　deviation　of　a　sample　of　the　population。　Often　used　to　estimate　the　true　population　standard　deviation。　Often　abbreviated　'SD。〃

Sampling　Error
The　amount　of　error　associated　with　a　sample　due　to　its　deviation　from　the　population

Scatter　Plot
A　graphical　representation　of　data　received　in　a　correlational　study。　

Schema　
The　cognitive　structure　utilized　to　make　sense　of　the　world。

Secondary　Reinforcer　
A　reinforcer　other　than　one　which　meets　our　basic　needs　such　as　food　or　water　（e。g。；　intellectual　stimulation；　money；　praise）。　

Selection　Bias　
Errors　in　the　selection　and　placement　of　subjects　into　groups　that　results　in　differences　between　groups　which　could　effect　the　results　of　an　experiment。　

Self　Actualization　
The　process　of　understanding　oneself　more　pletely　and　being　aware　of　issues　affecting　one's　life。　

Self…Concept
The　subjective　perception　of　the　self。

Self　Efficacy　
One's　belief　in　his　or　her　own　ability。　

Self　Serving　Bias　
The　tendency　to　assign　internal　attributes　to　successes　and　external　factors　to　failures。　

Semantic　Memory　
The　part　of　declarative　memory　that　stores　general　information　such　as　names　and　facts。　

Semi…Interquartile　Range
One　half　of　the　interquartile　range

Sensation　
Information　brought　in　through　the　senses。　

Sensorimotor　Stage
The　first　stage　in　Piaget's　Stages　of　Cognitive　Development　where　a　child's　primary　way　of　learning　about　the　world　is　through　the　senses　and　movement。

Sensory　Adaptation
The　reduced　ability　to　sense　a　stimulus　after　prolonged　exposure。

Sensory　Memory　
The　brief　storage　of　information　brought　in　through　the　senses；　typically　only　lasts　up　to　a　few　seconds。　

Separation　Anxiety
Distress　caused　by　the　absence　of　an　infant's　primary　caregiver

Serotonin
A　neurotransmitter　involved　in　mood；　sleep；　appetite；　and　impulsive　and　aggressive　behavior。　Too　little　has　been　associated　with　depression　and　some　anxiety　disorders　（e。g。；　obsessive…pulsive　disorder）。　Many　antidepressants　attempt　to　reduce　the　amount　of　serotonin　that　is　taken　back　（reuptake）　into　the　sending　neuron　（e。g。；　Serotonin　Reuptake　Inhibitors　＇SRI＇）。

Sexual　Orientation　
A　feeling　of　attractedness　or　arousal　associated　with　a　particular　gender。　Sexual　behavior　can　be　a　result　of　this　but　does　not　necessarily　define　a　person's　orientation。

Shaping　
Gradually　molding　a　specific　response　by　reinforcing　responses　that　e　close　to　the　desired　response。　

Short　Term　Memory　
The　stage　of　memory　where　information　is　stored　for　up　to　30　seconds　prior　to　either　being　forgotten　or　transferred　to　long　term　memory。　

Sigma　（lowercase）
The　abbreviation　for　the　standard　deviation　of　a　population。　（s）

Sigma　（uppercase）
The　abbreviation　for　summation。　（S）

Situational　Attribute
An　attribute　explained　or　interpreted　as　being　caused　by　external　influences。

Skinner；　B。　F。　
Considered　the　father　of　behavioral　therapy。　He　once　stated　that　with　the　ability　to　control　a　child's　environment；　he　could　raise　a　child　to　bee　anything　he　wanted。

Skinner　Box
A　cage　designed　for　animals　in　operant　conditioning　experiments。

Skew
The　degree　to　which　a　curve　or　distribution　of　scores　has　extreme　scores　atypical　of　the　majority　of　scores

Social　Facilitation　
The　effect　of　other’s　presence　on　one’s　performance。　Typically　we　perform　simple　or　well…learned　tasks　better　in　front　of　others　and　difficult　or　novel　tasks　worse。　

Social　Learning　Theory
Developmental　theory　arguing　that　personality　is　learned　through　the　interactions　with　the　environment。

Social　Loafing　
The　tendency　for　people　to　work　less　on　a　task　the　greater　the　number　of　people　are　working　on　that　task。　

Social　Psychology　
The　branch　of　psychology　which　focuses　on　society　and　it's　impact　on　the　individual。

Social　Roles　
Accepted　behaviors　associated　with　a　particular　position　within　a　group。　

Social　Skills
Skills　or　behaviors　deemed　desirable　or　necessary　to　effectively　interact　with　society。

Social　Support
Term　used　to　describe　the　degree　of　emotional　support　afforded　a　client　by　friends；　family；　and　other　acquaintances。

Somatic　Nervous　System
Sub　system　of　the　Peripheral　Nervous　System　（PNS）。　Primary　function　is　to　regulate　the　actions　of　the　skeletal　muscles。

Spearman's　Rho
A　correlational　technique　used　primarily　for　rank　ordered　data　（ordinal　scale）。

Split…Half　Reliability
The　correlation　coefficient　determined　by　paring　first　half　of　the　measurement　to　the　second　half。　Measure　of　the　internal　consistency　of　a　test　or　measuring　device。

Spontaneous　Recovery
The　tendency　for　previously　learned　information　to　resurface　rapidly　after　a　period　of　extinction。　Information　that　is　spontaneously　recovered　is　thought　to　lay　dormant　but　not　forgotten　（e。g。；　riding　a　bicycle　after　a　long　period　of　not　riding）。

Stage
A　period　of　development　that　occurs　at　about　the　same　time　for　each　person。　Developmental　and　Personality　theories　are　often　made　up　of　a　series　of　stages。

Stage　Theory
The　idea　that　an　individual　must　pass　through　one　stage　of　development　before　he　or　she　can　reach　the　next　stage。

Standard　Deviation　
A　measure　of　spread　within　a　distribution　（the　square　root　of　the　variance）。　The　most　popular　and　most　reliable　measure　of　variability　but　the　more　skewed　a　distribution；　the　more　error　there　will　be　in　the　standard　deviation　because　of　its　reliance　on　the　mean。

Standard　Error　of　Measurement
a　statistical　procedure　used　to　determine　the　amount　of　error　of　any　measurement　device

Standard　Error　of　the　Mean
An　estimation　of　the　unaccounted　for　error　within　a　mean。　If　the　mean　is　10　and　the　standard　error　of　the　mean　is　2；　then　the　true　score　is　likely　to　fall　somewhere　between　8　and　12　or　10　＋/…　2。

Standardization
The　process　of　making　a　test　or　procedure　the　same　for　everyone　so　that　results　can　be　pared　to　each　other。

Standard　Score
A　score　derived　by　transforming　the　data　based　on　the　standard　deviation。　Standard　scores　can　then　be　pared　to　one　another　on　face　value。　（See　z…score；　T…score；　NCE　score；　stanines；　and　Wechsler's　Deviation　IQ　Score）

Stanine
A　standard　score　that　literally　means　Standard　Nine；　stanines　have　a　mean　of　five　and　a　standard　deviation　of　approximately　two。　Stanines　2　through　8　are　exactly　1/2　standard　deviations　and　stanines　one　and　nine　or　open　ended。

Statistic
An　observed　characteristic　of　a　sample　（e。g。；　20％　improvement　rate；　range